2021 Exam Questions: Darwin-Evolutionism - The More We Learn (Amino Acids, Proteins, DNA), the More Imp

Charles Darwin was certainly an outstanding scientist, with brilliant theories to explain what he saw on the Galapagos Islands, and extrapolating beyond - his hypothesis of life and its evolution, with a tremendous impact upon humankind's knowledge - for a century and a half; which today, is more solidly believed than ever. However, while the most educated and intelligent elite of our culture: scholars, teachers, writers, Judges, et al, all accept his theories as established fact, there are, however, many other scientists across the spectrum of human knowledge, who, while believing in his theories - random mutation and the process of evolutionary improvement through survival of the fittest - believe they are applicable only subsequent to the initial living organism (somehow) coming into existence (e.g., changing the shape of finch's beaks or the skin colors of bears and humans). For one thing, the challengers to Darwinism point out that despite hundreds of thousands of animal fossils discovered, none show an in-between stage of development. Also, while pro-Darwin scientists are openly atheistic, they do, however, admit to "mysteries" in their attempts to validate his theories. In contrast, the scientists and mathematicians who challenge Darwin theory (at the basic creature level) do so with calculations of astronomic improbabilities. Some of their observations and arguments are in regard to amino acids.

Without amino acids there could be no life as we know it. Among the mysteries unraveled by expanding science has been a remarkable fact: bacteria, a blade of grass, animals and humans all base their existence on a mere (and the same) 20 amino acids. (This is similar to the shocking discovery - and ignored by Darwinists - that among the variety and multiplicity of sightful creatures in the world, all somehow have the identical gene which controls eye development.)

A fundamental basic to the study and understanding of the "Life Sciences" is knowledge of the structure and chemistry of the amino acids and other building blocks of biological molecules - otherwise, it is impossible to comprehend proteins, enzymes or nucleic acids. In understanding protein structure and properties, scientists observe that the very complex characteristics of even a small, relatively simple protein are a composite of the properties of the amino acids which comprise it.

While plants are able to produce all 20 amino acids, humans, however, can only produce ten of them, lacking the enzymes required for biosynthesis of the missing ten - which must be supplied daily in food (and/or vitamin tablets). Failure to do so, if unable to obtain enough of even one of the ten essential amino acids (that we cannot produce in our own bodies) can, in time, become serious. The requirement for protein will be fulfilled by the body's degrading its own muscle fiber to utilize the needed amino acid. Unlike fats and starches, the human body does not store excess amino acids - they must be taken every day.

The ten amino acids our own bodies produce are: alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine and tyrosine. Tyrosine, however, is produced from phenylalanine, therefore, if the diet is deficient in phenylalanine, tyrosine will be required as well. The essential amino acids which must be provided in the diet (or vitamin pills) are: arginine (required for young body growth), histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.

Amino acids - long strings of the twenty types, in varying order and combinations - make up the proteins, which are large, complex molecules that perform all the jobs inside a cell - except for recording and instruction (the task of DNA). The functionality of proteins stem from their three-dimensional, interlocking complex shape - assembly and folding instructions coming from the DNA.

As building blocks of proteins, and as intermediates in metabolism, the twenty amino acids play central roles in living organisms, conveying a vast array of chemical versatility. The precise amino acid content, and the sequence of those amino acids in any specific protein, is determined by the order of bases in the genes encoding the protein - while the chemical properties of the amino acids determine the biological activity of the protein. Proteins not only catalyze the reactions in living cells, they control virtually all the cellular processes. In addition, proteins, in their amino acid sequences, contain the information necessary for their being folded into a stable three-dimensional structure. Protein folding and its stability remains a critically important area of research, among the great unsolved mysteries of the life sciences.

Thus, proteins do all the cell tasks based on their interlocking and folded shape, the DNA providing the complex instruction for assembly; but there is even more complexity to the story: RNA is the messenger that carries the DNA information, with ribosomes the molecular assembly line. As one scientist put it: "Where only mass and energy existed before, there is now a third element in the multi-faceted story of life - information, the DNA.

Friday 28 May 2021

Darwin-Evolutionism - The More We Learn (Amino Acids, Proteins, DNA), the More Imp

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